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Author Explores Lives of 'Practice Babies' Once Raised on College Campuses
Filed under: Adoption, Books for Parents, Celeb News & Interviews
This semester, we'll be studying art history, geology and baby-raising. Credit: Getty
From 1919 to 1969, infants -- called "practice babies" -- were delivered from orphanages to the home economics classrooms of U.S. colleges and universities, where young women were taught the science of mothering, NPR reports.
These "practice mothers" were taught Donna Reed-like domestic arts: cooking, cleaning, running a household and being a mom. According to NPR, the infants were essentially raised by teams of college coeds.
The campus approach to parenting served as the inspiration for author Lisa Grunwald's novel "The Irresistible Henry House," leading her to take a deeper look into what life was like for practice babies and their college-aged "moms."
ParentDish caught up with Grunwald, 50, mom to Elizabeth, 18, and Jonny, 13, via phone from her New York City apartment. An edited version of the interview follows.
ParentDish: How did you discover these "practice babies?"
Lisa Grunwald: I was working on an anthology of letters written by American women at the turn of the century. I was trying to study what life was like for mothers at the time, famous and not, and was seeking the secrets of women who aspired to be Betty Crocker. I expected to find letters about making good casseroles.
But I stumbled on the Corenell University website about home economics. There, I found this snapshot of the most beguiling baby with this roguish grin who had been a "practice baby." His name was Bobby Domecon and he had been cared for by about a dozen women who took turns being his "practice mom." Domecon, is short for "domestic economics." All of the babies at Cornell had the last name: Domecon. At Illinois State University, the babies all had the last name North or South.
PD: What inspired you to write the book, and why fiction?
LG: When I first read about this, I thought it was sort of weird and a little bit creepy. But I was gripped by Bobby's story and wanted to know more. So, I found out he'd arrived malnourished, very scrawny and not healthy, but that by the time he turned 4 months old in the "practice baby" setting, he was robust and obviously much healthier. I wanted to explore this further, but there was no real information on what happened to the babies after they were returned to the orphanages as toddlers and then were adopted. I had to make it fiction.
PD: What was the thinking behind colleges setting up "practice baby" programs?
LG: At the time in which this took place, everything was considered a possible opportunity for a scientific approach, and child care was no exception. The practice houses really embraced the idea that you could learn mothering the same way you learned cooking or learned chemistry -- everything was learnable, and systems were really important. I also discovered that many of the babies were in the orphanages because their families had fallen on hard times and couldn't care for their babies. The orphanages and colleges figured this was a better place for babies to be, to be cared by a team of "moms" and with all the scientific parenting practices in place -- a strict diet, regimented nap times, etc.
PD: How widespread was the "practice baby" phenomenon?
LG: I discovered that by the 1950s, there were 40 or 50 colleges and universities throughout the country who had this program in place, or something very similar. According to one 1952 estimate, there were 41 practice baby programs around the country, including ones at Eastern Illinois State, Oregon State University, Iowa State University, East Tennessee State University and Montana State University. At Cornell University for example, eight women students lived with a resident advisor in the "practice apartment."
PD: What where you looking to discover about these babies?
LG: There are all kinds of theories on parenting babies, from Doctor Spock to the idea of attachment disorder for babies who don't form a reliable attachment with one person, and I wanted to see how children developed without that. I found that these babies would have two or three "moms" within the course of a day, and 10 or more all told. They'd take turns being "the mother" so one might put the baby to sleep for a nap, and another would be the "mom" getting the baby out of the crib.
PD: Describe how the classes worked.
LG: At Cornell, "Practice, 126," was a required course for a Bachelor of Science in home economics. Half a dozen or more students worked rotating shifts of five weeks each, weighing and measuring, feeding and changing, taking the baby out for walks and losing sleep when he cried at night. The babies were supplied by child welfare groups and leased on contract by the universities before they were eventually returned to the orphanages and put up for adoption. The "moms" were very proud of their role and even kept scrapbooks of the baby's milestones.
PD: What has happened to the practice babies?
LG: Adoption records were hard to come by and there was no evidence, because the babies weren't followed and studied as they grew up. Just a couple weeks ago, I got my first call from a woman who said her mom was one of the practice moms, but I haven't had a chance to follow up yet. So, because I couldn't find out what happened to them, I figured it would be better to try to imagine what happened. It makes a much yummier novel.
PD: What discoveries did you make about parenting from studying the practice babies?
LG: When I first heard about this, I imagined I would discover a cautious tale about over-parenting or under-parenting, or something that would show me if I did right or wrong as a mom with my own two kids. I considered myself the opposite of a helicopter mom when they were little.
But I discovered that the theories on parenting are always changing. During the early part of the century, the thinking was that virtually anything could be improved by science, so, if transportation, communication and health could, why not motherhood? And there was no evidence that this was wrong, as most of the babies were returned to the orphanages physically healthier then when they arrived.
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ReaderComments (Page 1 of 5)
2-23-2011 @ 2:37PM
Alicia said...I was expecting a much more depressing study. I know I don't have the patience to care for an infant for more than 8 hours and I'm certainly not willing to put aside my life for "practice" motherhood. I couldn't imagine that young girls in the 50s would be, either, but apparently I was wrong. That or they wanted that home econ degree that badly.
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2-24-2011 @ 4:28PM
Vinsmom99 said...In the 50s girls at that age were thinking about marriage. This program was probably something most of them were interested in. In those days 18 years old were expected to be adults. You cannot put today's standards and ideas up as an example for what was done and expected years ago.
2-24-2011 @ 6:14PM
Susan said...I'm thinking of the needs babies have for a primary caregiver and consistent parenting. None of that was given to them. I was wondering how many of these children ended up with Reactive Attachment Disorder and were unable to attach to their eventual adoptive parents.
2-25-2011 @ 4:16PM
Linnie said...Wow! Too bad that could never work today, and thank goodness I was never given that sort of responsibility at that age! Sounds like an overall wonderful program for the times, though.
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2-25-2011 @ 5:38PM
Heather said...When I was in school there was still home ec. Everyone had to take it boys inc. Part of the course was a parenting section. Students brought in younger siblings or neighbours kids to babysit for a day. I think this class should still be required to take this class , because the way I see some parents ( young and old) treating thier kids obviously no one taught them the proper way to treat a child.
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2-25-2011 @ 9:05PM
jessicagammett said...That's true because the size of families has shrunk. It used to be that kids learned how to care for other kids and how to treat a spouse from watching their parents and helping with the siblings. Now kids are spoiled rotten and raised to dump and run at the first sign of marital strife. They also have no clue how to raise kids.
2-24-2011 @ 2:23PM
sayso said...I can understand how some people may find this bizzare but I try to look on the bright side of things. At least these children were held, fed, bathed, and interacted with.
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2-24-2011 @ 2:44PM
Coop said...Absolutely better than lying in a crib all day. In the fifties it was a way less hectic time than today. And the value system was also different. There were actually some values....
Although I was 10 in the mid 50's, I still remember it was a better time than all the technological mumbo-jumbo of today. A child was allowed to be a child for a few years....
2-24-2011 @ 7:26PM
kj said...these aren't baby toys... they are tiny human children.... would you lend your granny out so someone could practice elder care??!...or your puppy out so that someone could learn to house train??!!...
I don't know what's more horrible.... this thoughtless concept.... or the inability of so many even today to get how damaging this was to those who had no rights or choice....
2-24-2011 @ 9:23PM
sayso said...@ kj- yes, children are not toys and perhaps if the people who left thier child at an orphanage would of realized that then perhaps they would of had a better start. Whether you disagree with it or not, it did happen. These women cared for the children and made sure thier needs were met much like a nanny or a babysitter does. Do you realize that there was a time when mothers hired other women to nurse and raise thier children?!
It was a different time but it did teach the women just how hard it is to raise a child. And those babies who may not of had someone to hold them while they were crying in the orphanage, well, at least they got personal one-on-one time.
There is a couple in my church who adopted a five year old from Eastern Europe and when they went to pick him up, the director of the orphanage said that the little boy was not held until he was three years old! And now this child has so much to overcome because he never felt loved.
Trust me, it could be worse!!!
2-24-2011 @ 2:41PM
Blogzy said...I was born in the 1950s and just by reading this knowing I was adopted and thought I could have been one of these practice babies. While the program might benefit young mothers in home economics the title "practice babies" is horrible. Makes me feel like a lab rat. Another name would be more suitable.
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2-24-2011 @ 6:01PM
Bella said...I sort of agree. Just think about what those little babies must have thought when they were taken from friendly teenagers who did feed and bathe them and thrown back into a cold orphanage where the sat hoping to be adopted. What if no one came and adopted them?
2-24-2011 @ 5:52PM
Janice said...Oh please get over it, be lucky it was a mild title especially coming from that era of non PC. Think about it lady, adopted or not, we are all lab rats. Where you not loved by your adopted parents? Geez blow your nose and move on! Poor babies, gimme a break, that was attention and care. Roll with the punches!!!!
2-24-2011 @ 6:07PM
lively said...Ok, so rather than having received the nurturing that you possibly could have, being in the right age group and circumstances to have been one of these babies, you'd have rather been left in the orphanage? For crying out loud, you are an ungrateful wretch. You were nurtured, cared for, and loved (yes, these young women were capable of loving their infant charges), and possibly healthier for the exprience and you are going to gripe about what the program was called? Be THANKFUL someone took the time to care for you at all.
2-24-2011 @ 6:21PM
Lily said...I was born in 1963, and adopted by a military family in 1964, I have no idea where I was until then, there are no records. I have not heard of this before but it kind of makes me feel better-- seems a whole lot better than laying in a crib at an orphanage. This is an interesting article.
2-24-2011 @ 6:32PM
Terri said...Janice..do you always blast people for the way they feel and tell them how they should feel? I hope not!
2-24-2011 @ 8:19PM
Sally said...My Mom told me how she lived in a house with other women at her University, all Home Econ majors, and part of their requirements was to raise one of these babies for a year. I thought it was very odd, but she said at the time (early 40's) it was just 'how it was done' for that particular degree. She loved taking care of the baby, and didn't really see the problem. I did ask her what happened to the babies when they were 'done' and she said they were usually adopted by University professors, and that she said there was quite a waiting list of adoptive parents who wanted these children. Just remember it was a different time before you judge.
2-25-2011 @ 5:40AM
Amanda said...Janice, your comment is ignorant. No, we are not all "experimented on." You have no idea what it is like being adopted unless you were adopted yourself. If you have never known what it was like to have no family medical history, no access to ancestry, no access to biological ties, never seeing someone who looks like you, and furthermore, have not had origins where you were stigmatized and experimented on...how in the world can you tell someone who has experienced those things how to feel??
And what does this have to do with Adoptive Parents? Adoption is about the rights and needs of the children involved; not stifling one's emotions for some perceived validation of their parents. My parents, like all parents should be, are interested in my feelings and advocate for my rights as an adopted person. To suggest that an adopted person is not allowed to feel or express pain, wonderment at their origins, or speak up about unethical issues in adoption, because they might hurt their parents feelings, is extremely offensive to those parents. My parents are wonderful--what does that have to do with parts of my life that are not wonderful? How would you like it if every issue you spoke about was blamed by society on your parents? Then told you to "get over it?"
Good grief. Adoption has been around for over 100 years. Are people still this ignorant?
2-24-2011 @ 2:47PM
CK said...It is interesting and quaint that at one time children were considered to be something significant. Worthy of study even. This would not be acceptable today as the only important thing in life is a career. Children are now no more than an annoyance, an inconvenience a distraction, an obligation or a hindrance to personal aspirations and real fulfillment. Choice is a wonderful thing for women today.
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2-24-2011 @ 4:09PM
a said...I am a single women who teaches. I can't imagine that I would ever change my career - one that in which the fundamental belief is that children are the most important thing in the world. You sound bitter to and jealous of career women.